How to make high-tech LED decorations for the holidays
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| Here we present two open-source, do-it-yourself, microcontroller-powered holiday electronics projects: A micro-readerboard Christmas tree ornament and a mini-LED Hanukkah menorah. Read on to see exactly what they do (Check out the video!), how they work, and how you can make your own. |
What do they do?
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Our micro-readerboard Christmas tree ornament displays a short message, one letter at a time, on a bright single-character alphanumeric LED display. In the animation here, the ornament is displaying the word "ornament." | ||||||||
Each ornament is pre-programmed with a list of 36 different short phrases.
Every time that an ornament is switched off and back on, it picks a new message from its memory to repeat.
Among the other phrases in the original set of 36 are such cheerful, sarcastic, and geeky ones as:
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We also made a short video to show off the ornaments and how they work: UPDATE: We have posted a new and vastly improved-- but still open source-- version of the LED micro-readerboard project. Read about it here
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Our mini-LED Hanukkah menorah is a modern update of the traditional hanukkiyah, the nine-armed Hanukkah candelabrum.
Two candles are lit on the first night of Hanukkah (one "real" candle plus the uppity lighter candle, or shamash which apparently doesn't count), three on the second night, right up to nine on the eighth night. That's (2+9)*(8/2)=44 candles all together, for those of you keeping score. | ||||||||
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| Ours works pretty much the same way, but uses a whole lot less wax. When you turn it on, it steadily (without blinking or animation) displays the correct configuration of LED "candles" for a given night of Hanukkah. Each time that it is switched off and back on, it displays one more light than it did the previous time that you turned it on-- unless it showed all nine last time: | |||||||||
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| Just in case you do crave animation, there is also a neat demo mode (which comes after the 8th night) that cycles through the different configurations at a rate of one about "day" per second. | |||||||||
How do they work?
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These two projects are based on the Atmel ATtiny2313, a powerful little 8-bit AVR microcontroller. This microcontroller is an inexpensive single-chip computer complete with a clock, 2 kB of flash memory, and 128 bytes each of SRAM and EEPROM memory.
As we have the chip configured, 17 of the chip's 20 pins can be used as logical outputs to directly drive LEDs. The remaining three pins are for power (2.7 - 5.5 V DC), ground, and a reset pin reserved for programming use. You can find a diagram of that configuration here. |
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Since the microcontroller is a little computer, it doesn't really do anything without a program. We wrote our two programs in C, and they do basically what you'd expect: tell the chip when to turn the different lights on and off. There's a little bit of work in building the font table for the ornament, but even that isn't so bad.
One trick that we used: An integer representing the current message displayed on the ornament (or the day on the menorah) is stored in EEPROM, a type of nonvolatile memory, in order to let the chip change its behavior from the previous time that it was turned on. Once the code was written, we used open source, cross-platform development tools (including avr-gcc and avrdude) to compile the C code into a binary firmware object and program the device through a low-cost USB programmer. |
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How do you make them?
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To begin building either project, you first need to acquire the components, including a programmed microcontroller. The most important consideration in building these projects is whether or not you want to program your own microcontroller. If your answer is a resounding "No," don't worry, you can still build it: we've put together some low-cost kits that include pre-programmed microcontrollers. Get one of those and join us down where it says "Assembling the ornament."
The other components that you need for either project are a battery box (or other voltage source) and the LED displays. I recommend a 2 x AA box (with switch) for the ornament, and a 3 x AA box (with switch) for the menorah. For the menorah, you need nine LEDs. While just about any variety of LED will work, it is somewhat easier to use ones that come in a small diameter (3 mm) package. For the ornament, we used the Kingbright PSA08-11HWA, a red 16-segment single-character alphanumeric LED display. It has a fairly large 20mm ( 0.8 inch) character height, and a common-anode drive configuration. The downside of this particular display is that it has somewhat variable availability. You can often get them on eBay, and they can be found at electronics surplus shops from time to time. (We just bought more than 200 of them to put in our kits.) You can get a compatible but brighter version of the same display (the PSA08-11EWA) from Circuit Specialists for $3.72 each. As an alternative to using a dedicated alphanumeric display, you can certainly arrange discrete LEDs in the same pattern; it might be best to use rectangular-shaped LEDs or to use two LEDs (driven in parallel) for each segment. If you're willing to modify the code a little bit, you can also consider using any number of other available dot-matrix or other alphanumeric LED devices. It's just a matter of tweaking the font table a bit.
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To assemble one of the ornaments, put together a little kit containing the battery box, the LED display (the PSA08-11HWA or equivalent; you may need wiring changes with other types of devices), the programmed microcontroller, and a little piece of insulated copper wire. Once you've got your kit collected, you might prefer to follow along with our printable ornament Instructions (420 kB PDF document).
Begin by bending all of the leads of the chip out flat, except for pin 10, which should be bent down, around the belly of the chip (and the chip is belly-up in the photo). Solder the red wire from the battery box to pin 20 of the chip (+Vcc) and the black wire to pin 10 (GND). | |
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| Identify the common anode in the LED display: It's the second pin in the corner by the decimal point. Bend it down flat and solder the short insulated wire to it. bend the wire so that it goes past the opposite corner of the display. Mate the microcontroller to the LED display and see how they fit together: Pin 10 of the microcontroller (the bent-down one) lines up to the corner with the decimal point and the "lonely" pin of the LED standing there. Pins 1 and 20 of the microcontroller should not contact the pins of the LED, but most of the others do. | |
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Pins 2-8 and 10-19 of the microcontrollers should be resting against pins of the LED display; solder those connections. Solder pin 9 of the microcontroller to the "lonely" pin of the LED, which might take a little bending to make possible. Solder the other end of the wire from the common cathode of the LED display to pin 20 of the microcontroller. Trim away excess leads and wire to complete the ornament.
Need help? Leave your question over in the support area. |
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Assembling the Menorah
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To assemble one of the menorahs, put together a little kit containing the battery box, nine LEDs, and the programmed microcontroller. Once you've got your kit collected you might prefer to follow along with our
printable menorah Instructions (400 kB PDF document)
Begin by soldering the red wire from the battery box to pin 20 of the chip (+Vcc) and the black wire to pin 10 (GND). | |
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The cathodes of the nine LEDs on the menorah will connect to pins 2-10, and the anodes connect to the pins directly opposite them: pins 11-19. (There's a circuit diagram on the reference page.) The LEDs that are shown here are small (3 mm) types. It may take more effort to bend the leads into place if you use larger diameter LEDs like the white ones that we used for some of our menorahs. Begin by connecting the cathodes of the eight lower LEDs, to pins 2-5 and 7-10. Once that's done, flip it around and solder the anode of each LED to the pin directly across from where the cathode is soldered; pins 11-14 and 16-19. | |
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Now there's only one more LED to solder: Connect the anode to pin 15, and cathode to pin 6. It's nice to put it at a slightly different elevation than the others, so that you can tell them apart even when the power is off. Trim away excess leads and wire to complete the menorah.
Need help? Leave your question over in the support area. |
That's it!
Good luck with your holiday electronics projects!
Quick links:[Reference data]
[Support]
[Programming AVR]
[Kits]
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